Computers in law enforcement - 726 Words

There are many ways that people commit criminal activity and there are different solutions to it. Computer is one of the technologies that are used in today’s society mostly by people positively and negatively. This paper will first describe how computers are used in law enforcement. Then, this paper will discover how criminals use this technology and how it causes serious problems for innocent people. Next, this paper will describe how the computer system is or has been helpful in catching criminals and solving the problems. Technology is essentially transforming the face of society and the police work and people are becoming more dependent on them. These technologies such as computer make it easy and possible for organizations and people to get access to, gather, and use many of the information previously unimaginable. Computers can be safe and unsafe tool in the hands of these technologies. In law enforcement, these devices are used to control significant and difficult ca ses in the extent possible kind of circumstances and deal with conflicts related to the use and misuse of such devices. The academic researchers are continuing to discover how technology may perhaps change the society, however, there is little concentration, focusing on how technology may perhaps transform the nature of policing. In a police work, one thing that stays continuous is that law enforcement is about information. This information that solves crimes includes witnesses’ statement,Show MoreRelatedThe Role of Federal Agencies in Fighting Digital Crime774 Words   |  3 PagesSecurity, and other law enforcement agencies have similar challenges when fighting computer crimes and terrorism due to the recent development of computer technologies as well as constant threats. Federal law enforcement agencies and local law enforcement agencies have different responsibilities that work independently instead of on the same level, which can make it difficult to coordinate and cooperate to fight against computer crimes and terrorist threats. Local law enforcement agencies deal withRead MoreUsing Computers And Software Programs966 Words   |  4 Pagesability to make them more knowledgeable and perform more effectively. The use of computers and software programs by law enforcement personnel has a variety of advantages and disadvantages in relation to criminal investigation and law enforcement. The use of computers and software programs have become beneficial tools for the criminal enterprise and for the prosecution in a criminal case. Technology has enabled law enforcement officers to launch queries about an individual from a variety of databases (RobertsRead MoreExamples Of Incident Management With Law Enforcement720 Words   |  3 PagesIncident Response Incident Management with Law Enforcement Computer professionals are always recommended to prepare efficiently for any security-related incidents. The kind of preparation determines the type of interaction between the laws enforces and the organization (Turoff et al., 2004). This implies that working with law enforcers could be the most challenging responsibility of a computer professional. Among the significant challenges experiences by computer specialists in the course of their jobsRead MoreDigital Evidence And Law Enforcement Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesSince the introduction of computer and technology, they have become the new weapon in committing crime, and to the burgeoning science of digital evidence, law enforcement now use computers to fight crime. Nevertheless, digital evidence is information stored, transmitted, and received in binary form that can potentially be relied on as evidence in court. Notwithstanding, digital evidence is commonly associated with crimes that involve such devices, such as a computer h ard drives, external storageRead MoreThe Use of Police Technology1043 Words   |  5 Pagestheir crimes. Law enforcement has tried to keep up and even get one step in front of the criminals by finding more advanced technology. This paper will show just some of the new technology that law enforcement has started using in helping capture criminals. It will also show some of the technology that has come out to track the criminals that have been caught in the past. As the criminals come out with new ways to commit crimes law enforcement must keep up with their tactics. Computers in Police Vehicles Read MoreThe Role of Federal Agencies in Fighting Digital Crime Essay827 Words   |  4 Pagesas well as the other factors that are common to each of them. In the United States, local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies, including FBI, Department of Homeland Security, among others, have taken on roles to fight computer crimes and terrorism. The roles and responses of these law enforcement agencies concerning digital crime have created challenges that limit enforcement efforts against digital crime. The Department Of Justice has had to address evolving challenges such as mortgageRead MoreDigital Evidence And Law Enforcement Essay1125 Words   |  5 PagesComputers have become a new weapon in committing crime, and to the burgeoning science of digital evidence, law enforcement now uses computers to fight crime. Digital evidence is information stored, transmitted, and received in binary form that can potentially be relied on as evidence in court. Notwithstanding, digital evidence is commonly associated with crimes that involve such devices, such as a computer hard drives, external storage devices, mobile phones, among others, and are often referredRead MoreThe Problem Of Cyber Crime988 Words   |  4 Pages in the modern world computer or computer related crime makes up a great amount of percentage of all the crimes happiness which is bound to increase. The Office for Victim Assistance ensures that victims of crimes investigated by the FBI are presented the opportunity to receiv e the services and notification as required by federal law guidelines Issues law enforcement must deal with regarding digital crime and terrorism. The number of police agencies with advanced or computer crime unit has increasedRead MoreComputer Crime Essay846 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: COMPUTER CRIME Categories of Computer Crime S.R Skolnick Strayer University In todays society computers are used to commit crimes. These crimes are separated into four categories. These categories are as follows, the computer as a target, the computer as an instrument of crime, the computer as incidental to a crime, and crimes associated with the prevalence of computers. In example of the computer as a target, is a case of Kevin Mitnick. Kevin Mitnick was once known as theRead MoreCyber Predators And Its Effects On Children1593 Words   |  7 Pagesrarely reported to a law enforcement agency. Data from the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children 2005 survey of online child victimization show that only 5% of the solicitations were reported to a law enforcement agency or to anyone. Fifty-six percent of victims did not tell anyone, including friends and parents, of the solicitation they received online. (Wolak, J, Mitchell, K, and Finkelhor, D. (2006). †¢ Describe legislation related to the cybercrime. Computer crime law deals with the

The Memorable Moments Of Friendship - 1417 Words

There are many valuable things in life, but friendship is one of the most important. Tom and Bob have been friends for over nine years and have shared many memorable moments. They both just celebrated their 12th birthday and were hanging out at the ice cream parlor reminiscing and eating their favorite ice-cream. As they finished their banana sundaes, Tom noticed a flyer on the window. Curious, he eagerly got up from his seat and walked over to look at it. It was an advertisement for a 10k race that was being held on Saturday, December 10, 2016, at 9:00 a.m. in the morning. There was a $150.00 prize for first place, $100.00 for second, and $50.00 for third. Suddenly, a light bulb went off in Tom’s head. Great, he thought, we can both†¦show more content†¦They also worked on different part of their body twice a day and ate the right foods. They supported each other and had a lot of fun doing it. They both were improving, getting faster, and just doing well overal l. Nonetheless, all was not perfect, they were having so much fun that they would occasionally lose track of time and not put all their energy into practice. Furthermore, they both wanted to win and since they were serious about the race they decided it would be more productive if they did not train together because of all the distractions. Moreover, Bob really did not think he needed to practice that much because he was a better runner than Tom. Bob forgot about the pact he made with Tom. In his mind, he had the race won. He became prideful and started to tease Tom. Despite Bob’s teasing, Tom knew it was possible to beat his friend even though he was a better runner. Tom continued to train hard and keep focused on his goal to win. Finally, the race was drawing near and on the Friday before the 10k run, they met up at the neighborhood track and decided to have a practice run. They met at the track both tasting victory. They got into position, on your mark, get set, go! Tom was in the lead for the first four to five laps and then Bob took the lead and won the race. Disappointed, Tom left the track with his head down; however, Bob became even more prideful and walked of the field with his head held high and chest out. Winning the race lead him toShow MoreRelatedOutline of an Essay on Memorable Moments1599 Words   |  6 PagesI. Memorable Moments Essay A. Introductory Paragraph 1. Opener: A unique opportunity to meet celebrities who have influenced American culture. 2. Thesis: Meeting Berle was one of the most memorable moments of my life. a. Body paragraph reasons i I met a lot of other celebrities. ii I made a good friend in Berle. iii My career benefitted from this experience. B. First body paragraph: other celebrities 1. Mac Davis 2. Dolly Parton C. Second body paragraph: friendship connection Read MoreFriendship1339 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationships because it is full of friends.       There ought to be a course in school on friendship. Of course, some people are perfectly happy to operate with fewer friends. They might rather have a few deep and loyal friends, than many superficial ones. Others thrive best when friends are everywhere and numerous. It is not so much the number of friends that is important as is the possession of friends, period.       Friendship is a blessing, and a friend is the channel through whom great emotional, spiritualRead MoreCompetition Is An Intrinsic Part Of Human Lives1457 Words   |  6 Pagesand are more eager to work together to achieve a common goal. Therefore, I believe that bonding over a competitive activity is a reason why people partake in competitions. I asked Seth what his most memorable moment from playing Overwatch was, and he explained, â€Å"I don’t really have a memorable moment. I just remember that the matches I feel the best at are ones where I communicate with friends on and we work together to win the match† (Chapman). Although Seth may enjoy playing competitively on hisRead MorePsychology: I Relate to the Humanistic and Behavioral Theories Most1042 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieve that it has a strong concern for human welfare, values, and dignity. As we will see both perspectives will approach these thoughts and will focus on the key event of my life which changed my thoughts and beliefs. One of my most memorable event that took place while I was at High Point was during my junior year. I remember that I was going through a phase in my life. I was changing into someone who is stronger, ambitious, and more determine in life. This event occur over a periodRead MoreFriends of a Feather... Stick Together815 Words   |  4 Pagesuntil later down the line. I always observe my friends so that I know what category to place them in. According to Judith Viorst’s â€Å"Friends, Good Friends, - and Such Good Friends, â€Å"there are at least three categories of friendships based on levels of intimacy. The friendship that requires the least amount of interaction is the special-interest friend. Jeremy would be considered my special interest friend. We don’t have much in common and we don’t talk on the phone. We only be aroundRead MoreSummary Of Winter Of The Dead 1639 Words   |  7 Pagesof â€Å"Winter of the Dead† In the book â€Å"Winter of the Dead† by Elizabeth Massie, a young boy named Nat documents his journey through the hardships he faced while at Jamestown. Throughout the book there is starvation, struggle, perseverance, and friendship. At the start of the book, Nat and his fellow street urchin, Richard are aboard a ship named the Susan Constant headed for the new world. Among the other passengers looking for treasure in the New World was John Smith. One of the greatest exploresRead More The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini Essay636 Words   |  3 PagesHassan. Amir and Assef fight to near death before Sorhab steps in and nearly kills Assef. Amir escapes with Sohrab and takes him back to live with him and his wife in America. In my opinion, there is more than one theme in this novel. Forgiveness, friendship and character are all themes because they intertwine with each other. Forgiveness would be the major theme. Amir has to find it in himself to forgive his father for never telling him about his half-brother, Hassan. Also, Amir has to forgive himselfRead MoreAnalysis Of Markus Zusak s The Book Thief 1156 Words   |  5 Pagesgrime of the truth After death strikes her family, Liesel Meminger (Sophie Nà ©lisse) is adopted by tender-hearted working-class painter Hans Hubermann (Geoffrey Rush) and his harsh but loving wife Rosa Hubermann (Emily Watson). Initiating a fast friendship with neighbour Rudy Steiner (Nico Liersch), Liesel is taunted by her classmates on the first day of school for being illiterate. Out of the kindness of his heart: Hans promises to teach his adopted daughter to read and write - at a time when theRead MoreTechnology Exposed My Addictive Personality And Instilled The Value Of Quality Relationships968 Words   |  4 Pagesthe whole day had passed by. Watching these episodes I felt productive yet, truthfully it was not worthwhile. At the end of my sixth grade was the point when I had noticed that I didn’t have many friends left; living online took a toll on my real friendships. Consequently, this built insecurities about myself and generated unwanted feelings of loneliness. In meek hopes to fill this void of loneliness this exasperated my connection with media. I consumed drama hours on end, sadly not realizing theRead MoreThe End Of An Exceptional And Prominent Chapter776 Words   |  4 PagesToday is the end of an exceptional and prominent chapter. A chapter that began four years ago. A chapter that will remain memorable in our hearts. A chapter that has been filled with friendships, mistakes, hard work, determination, laughter, and family. Today is the day we celebrate our last day together as a family and wish each other best as we all go our separate ways. We celebrate the things we have learned from the mistakes we have made, the hard work we have put in, and the bonds that have

A Brave New World Free Essays

Utopia means the idyllic state as first used by sir Thomas Moore as the title of his book in 1516 (Brave New World’s Barron’s Notes by Anthony Astrachan). The Utopia achieved by the world-state in Aldous Huxley’s A Brave New World had a terribly High price. We will write a custom essay sample on A Brave New World or any similar topic only for you Order Now A price which, I think is not worth it. Their citizens live in as oblivious and ignorant kind of bliss in world that is free of war, fear, violence, disease and all the other draw-backs of living in the real world (Sybille Bedford, Aldous Huxley: A Biography, 1974, cited in Brave New World’s Barron’s Notes by Anthony Astrachan). The characters from Utopia in the novel do not even know freedom. They are happy and contented in their respective occupations and are satiated by spending their free time wallowing in pleasure even though they are all alike in each class and behave in much the same way as each other save for a few idiosyncrasies Uniformity is stressed and individuality becomes like a sickness and all characters who had even a minor difference from other citizens in the same class were cruelly crushed into either conformity or the final escape of death in John’s case. However, if the price of such comforts would be the ignorance of the existence of freedom, an idea that many countless people have died fighting for in the real world, I think Utopia is not worth it. A. Huxley did very well in highlighting this point. John’s suicide after seeing that his beloved joined the mob to watch him suffer is a great point at rejecting the idea of Utopia in the book. Even when John found a place where he could live with all the things that he thought were necessary, including pain, he was followed by a huge crowd which had come to watch him suffer. Seeing Lenina come to watch him whip himself causes him to kill himself. In the novel, Huxley plays with the idea of how technological advances would affect society. In Utopia, humans are grown in bottles. No one has a mother. Multiple copies of a single person can be made in one go. This is a very extreme way to highlight the author’s point, completely removing the â€Å"humanity† from humanity to the point that even the genuine personal bond of parent and child is removed. The achievement of stability is attained by keeping everybody in an artificial state of perpetual happiness and contentment.   Pain and grief is removed from the realm of human emotion thereby removing all the deep feelings we associate with the feeling of being genuinely â€Å"alive†. Citizens in Utopia are encouraged to be promiscuous. Anybody can have sex with anybody they want and vice versa. Family life and the formation of intense personal relationship are obliterated so that these cannot interfere with the stability of society. Love is non-existent. Anybody who’d date or have sex with a single person for an extended period is looked on as weird. I think that the author was successful at highlighting his point. His characters were only secondary to the ideas that he proposed especially considering the time and context when he propounded them. He makes me feel as if the novel’s version of Utopia is not far from becoming a truth. Today’s culture promotes the culture of almost mindless consumption, too much indulgence in pleasure and diminishing of the family. Technology is a result of human endeavor. It allows us to live in a better world with all of our modern necessities and comforts. In this book however, a different view is illustrated. While it acknowledges the former to be true, it declares resoundingly that the opposite is possible also. Technology also has the potential to wipe out the essence of humanity. It can wipe out genuine happiness, individuality, close personal relationships, deep emotions and family. References BLTC, Brave New World? A Defence of Paradise-Engineering, Retrieved on April 13, 2008, from http://www.huxley.net/index.html BLTC, Brave New World’s Barron’s Notes by Anthony Astrachan, Retrieved on April 13, 2008, from http://www.huxley.net/studyaid/bnwbarron.html BLTC, Brave’s New World’s Monarch Notes, Retrieved on April 13, 2008 from http://www.huxley.net/studyaid/index.html    How to cite A Brave New World, Papers

Why Does It Matter free essay sample

This alone shows what values we respect and how we view them. Harold Camping had concocted some heinous math equation that led him to publicize his fourth prediction. Although the amount of thought and research he put behind his Christian instinct was impressive; all he managed to do was create a moment of desperation for those of us who lead a â€Å"sinful† life, and a false ray of hope for those who cling to the prophetic words of people like, Harold Camping. As one can imagine, the last few days have been driven by the predicted â€Å"end of the world,† and through outlets such as Twitter, Live Journal, and Facebook, stories of how people spent their last days have surfaced. Some people thought it would be a great idea to spend their life savings or their children’s college funds, some people spent the day fulfilling their goals and dream, others just spent the past few days locked in and repenting, and the rest either didn’t care or forgot. All these crazy fear-based decisions lead to a small list of much greater and loaded questions: Is it worth it? Does it matter? and Why does it matter? Of course these are questions that fall under the category of â€Å"The Meaning of Life,† and are virtually impossible to reply to, but everyone should be entitled to possess their own educated opinion, right? In Thomas Nagel’s essay â€Å"The Absurd† he raises some interesting, but conflicting arguments toward life’s â€Å"absurdity†. In his very complicated essay of rationalizations, he basically presents us with the 3 main reasons why life could be considered absurd: 1) Whatever we do now will not affect the world in the future, so why does it matter? 2) We are forever considered small when compared with the universe, and our lives considered short, so why do we matter? 3) Our actions have no purposeful end, so why do they matter? Nagel tries to justify his statements, but in the end his statements contradict his points, and this could even be summarized in one simple explanation. If you will not be around in the next 1 million years, how could you or anybody else judge peoples actions to determine if whether or not they infinitely matter or not matter. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, â€Å"Existentialism† is considered a philosophical theory or approach which emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will (Oxford). Within this reasoning is what Nagel based his essay on, but as black and white as this may seem, many other factors should be calculated when trying to determine whether or not existentialism is rational. Without delving too far into the topic of religion, the question about the morality of certain issues still lies on the table. When trying to find a religiously ambiguous debate against existentialism one of the most important questions to consider would be: In a world in which we act on impulse without the fear of repercussion, how would our feelings as human beings factor into our decisions? As long as there has been the existence of humans on this earth, it would probably safe to assume that there has also been the â€Å"existence† of feelings among the people. Feelings are probably the one impulse that humans find the most difficult to quell in their everyday lives, and from personal experience, one of the most pleasantly intrusive aspects of human life. Although this might be debatable, the statement previous to the latter is not. In her 1970’s book Never in Anger: Portrait of an Eskimo Family, Professor Jean L. Briggs studied the Utkuhikhalingmiut (Utku) Eskimos of the Canadian Northwest Territories. In this tribe she found that anger and aggression was extremely rare. â€Å"Briggs suggests that even in circumstances that we would find intolerably frustrating or offensive, the Utku do not get angry. Where we would be resentful or even furious, the Utku are merely resigned. Anger is an unreasonable response† (qtd. By Solomon). Even in instances such as these, the Eskimo are in a way â€Å"brainwashed† from a young age in order to lead this â€Å"harmonious† life, and even then they lose their cool. As reported by a fellow anthropologist ,by the name of Catherine Lutz, â€Å"among the Ifaluk of Micronesia, the most serious incident of aggression last year, was when one man touched anothers shoulder. He was subjected to a severe fine, a reasonable penalty for extremely unreasonable behavior† No matter what one tries to do feeling will always resurface and affect our judgment whether we mean to or not. It’s simply just part of the way we were made and will always remain that way. To argue that someone could easily â€Å"discard† their feeling and act purely on impulse would be an ignorant statement. When talking about the rationality as opposed to the morality of a situation it then becomes a little bit more tricky because as Robert Rorty makes a wonderful job in pointing out, who can define rationality? In accordance with his characteristic nominalism, that rationality is not a thing, to be Socratically defined or characterized in any singular way. I would say that it is one of those essentially contested concepts of philosophy (like freedom, truth, and justice) which plays a primarily polemical as well as a normative role in our conversations, despite the descriptive characterizations that are readily available in behavioral theory and the social sciences. The question is how the term is being used in any particular context and what distinctions are being made for often the real message is political and not merely conceptual and conveyed only by implication. (qtd. By Solomon) With arguments such as this one it brings us back to the original debate. Who is to decide what is rational? For one person might think something is a great idea when in reality it might not be, but at the same time still remain it remains a decisions in which it will not tip the scale in either moral direction. As we probably could assume from the beginning, these questions are probably best if left unanswered. They complexity of trying to find the â€Å"true meaning† of life is far too great a task for someone of our caliber to judge. The best thing that we can do as a society is stick together and apply our best traits to create a harmonious place for us to develop and live in. The one thing that is irrefutable would have to be the undeniable fact that if we live our lives in the best way we can while making the best decisions within society’s judgment, we can’t really go wrong, and if Nagel had one thing right, it was that our time on this earth is short, so we might as well take advantage of the things we’ve been blessed with and live life to the fullest.

Ada Lovelace - Mathematics and Computer Pioneer

Ada Lovelace - Mathematics and Computer Pioneer Ada Augusta Byron was the only legitimate child of the Romantic poet, George Gordon, Lord Byron. Her mother was Anne Isabella Milbanke who took the baby at one month old away from her fathers home. Ada Augusta Byron never saw her father again; he died when she was eight. Ada Lovelaces mother, who had studied mathematics herself, decided that her daughter would be spared the fathers eccentricities by studying more logical subjects like math and science, rather than literature or poetry. Young Ada Lovelace showed a genius for math from an early age. Her tutors included William Frend, William King and Mary Somerville. She also learned music, drawing and languages, and became fluent in French. Ada Lovelace met Charles Babbage in 1833, and became interested in a model he had constructed of a mechanical device to compute values of quadratic functions, the Difference Engine. She also studied his ideas on another machine, the Analytical Engine, which would use punched cards to read instructions and data for solving mathematical problems. Babbage also became Lovelaces mentor, and helped Ada Lovelace begin mathematical studies with Augustus de Moyan in 1840 at the University of London. Babbage himself never wrote about his own inventions, but in 1842, an Italian engineer Manabrea (later Italys prime minister) described Babbages Analytical Engine in an article published in French. Augusta Lovelace was asked to translate this article into English for a British scientific journal. She added many notes of her own to the translation, since she was familiar with Babbages work. Her additions showed how Babbages Analytical Engine would work, and gave a set of instructions for using the Engine for calculating Bernoulli numbers. She published the translation and notes under the initials A.A.L, concealing her identity as did many women who published before women were more accepted as intellectual equals. Augusta Ada Byron married a William King (though not the same William King who had been her tutor) in 1835. In 1838 her husband became the first Earl of Lovelace, and Ada became countess of Lovelace. They had three children. Ada Lovelace unknowingly developed an addiction to prescribed drugs including laudanum, opium and morphine, and displayed classic mood swings and withdrawal symptoms. She took up gambling and lost most of her fortune. She was suspected of an affair with a gambling comrade. In 1852, Ada Lovelace died of uterine cancer. She was buried next to her famous father. More than a hundred years after her death, in 1953, Ada Lovelaces notes on Babbages Analytical Engine were republished after having been forgotten. The engine was now recognized as a model for a computer, and Ada Lovelaces notes as a description of a computer and software. In 1980, the U.S. Department of Defense settled on the name Ada for a new standardized computer language, named in honor of Ada Lovelace. Fast Facts Known for:  creating the concept of an operating system or softwareDates:  December 10, 1815 - November 27, 1852Occupation:  mathematician, computer pioneerEducation:  University of LondonAlso known as:  Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace; Ada King Lovelace Books About Ada Lovelace Moore, Doris Langley-Levy.  Countess of Lovelace: Byrons Legitimate Daughter. Toole, Betty A. and Ada King Lovelace.  Ada, the Enchantress of Numbers: Prophet of the Computer Age.  1998. Woolley, Benjamin.  The Bride of Science: Romance, Reason and Byrons Daughter.  2000. Wade, Mary Dodson.  Ada Byron Lovelace: the Lady and the Computer.  1994. Grades 7-9.

Kyoto Agreement essays

Kyoto Agreement essays The Kyoto Agreement or Protocol is an agreement produced to lower global warming in a period of years. This agreement was not produced for all countries to sign, only the countries that largely contribute to the problem of global warming. The Kyoto agreement is a small step in what could be a large problem to the following generations. It is badly needed by the environment to bring it back to its former state. Although the agreement is a good thing that should be used effectively, it could land a large blow on the economy. Many changes would have to be made, and where is the starting point? From transport to factories, how could society be effectively changed and still run as normal. If society has to change it would cope, but on the other hand if it doesnt change the way it deals with greenhouse gasses, what about in five hundred years when the polar caps have melted and countries are flooding and getting smaller by the year? Is it that much of a price to pay to use public transport or cut down on fossil fuels? If every generation says, it doesnt involve me, I wont be around to see it happen, then nothing is ever going to happen to stop the degeneration of the environment. The Kyoto agreement is a pact agreed upon at a United Nations conference in Kyoto, Japan in 1997. It is an agreement that states that the country signing or ratifying it must lower the level of greenhouse gasses released into the atmosphere. Not all countries have signed the agreement, although most of these are major contributors to the level of greenhouse gasses. The agreement is not legally binding and if signed does not commit the countries to anything. For the agreement to become legally binding 55% of the countries that have signed the agreement must ratify it. The level in which the countries must lower its greenhouse emissions to, is 5.2% lower than when the agreement takes place. Some countries may have an alteration t...

Paper phil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Paper phil - Essay Example Hinduism also means the emergence of Vedas, in which the Upanishads were composed between the 7th and 3rd century and also it became a part of the Vedas. Buddhism was emerged as a part of Shramana movements, around the 5th century. â€Å"Hinduism has the belief of monotheistic (one God) as well as polytheistic (many Gods) elements: the one Supreme Being (Brahman) also exists simultaneously in the deities of the Creator (Brahma), the Reality or Sustainer (Vishnu) and the Destroyer (Shiva)† (Hinduism par.6). According to the Buddhism philosophy, there is no god which does not believe in the concept of god. â€Å"In fact, often those who scorn others, claiming some unconvincing excuse, are unable to look the target of their ridicule directly in the eye, perhaps because they see their ownselves there† (Ikeda & Nanda p.9). The reincarnation and ultimate salvation was taught by Buddhism and rejected Vedas of Hinduism. An important principle of Hinduism is the Law of Karma. It is the law of cause and effect in which each and every action should have a reaction, which will happen in the first life time or the next birth. Buddhism criticizes the religious value of sacrifice and giving importance to particular deities. Also they are denying Upanishads of Hinduism, where Upanishads contain the concept of one’s true self (atman) with the divine ground claimed that Individual’s existence does not have the quality of an imperishable, blissful self or atman. There are two great epics in Hinduism; they are Bhagavad Gita and Mahabharata which was composed in 6th and 7th century. Buddhism has the doctrines which were written in Pali –a canon text. Yoga is one of the important disciplines of Hinduism. Through Yoga, one can get a controlled body and mind. In Buddhism they have the concept for salvation which is depended on oneself and not to others. Traditional worship of God in Hinduism is known as pooja. There will be a pooja room in every Hindu’s house. â€Å"Hinduism is

The orgins of stunt performance in theater Research Paper

The orgins of stunt performance in theater - Research Paper Example There were no thoughts about stunt performance in the early film industry. If anything demanding needed to be done in the film, producers used to hire desperate or crazy fellows to perform these actions. The first known professional stuntmen were buster Keaton and Keystone Kops. They learnt this through trial and error, and slowly perfected. All stunts action in films was real; no faking of actions took place. In most cases, early stuntmen were comedians and spent most of their time entertaining their audience in theatres (Claudia 56). In the beginning of the 20th century, audience’s interest in serial movies rose. The demand called for evolution of more risky stunt; film producers doubled their actions and made their scenes more dangerous. The rise of the American in 1910 was also a factor that led to growth stunt people and movie stars. Yakima Canutt and tom Mix were among the most famous stuntmen in this period (History of theatres nd. In 1970s, this was the beginning of technological advancements. It was a period that air bags, bullet squibs, and air rams developed. The evolution has continued up to date for computer has come to reduce the risk involved in these arts (History of theatres n.d). Although computers can develop graphics like the above, they can never by as real as what was produced before their evolution. The above graphic is a real illustration of a man hanging with a wire (Lambert 67). The first theatre recorded in reference to world’s records was introduced by the Romans. They had copied this philosophy from the Ancient Greek. The constructed semi circular structures using wood, but were later reconstructed using stones. They had a raised stage with seats surrounding it. They were built in the open air, inside big halls, or barns. Elizabethan theatres in London borrowed ideas from this knowledge. An ideal example is the Globe theatre in London (History of theatres n.d). One of the most common stunt effects is stage combat.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Climatic Change Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility and Climatic Change - Essay Example The effects of climate change are disrupting business operations and transportation, for example, in the UK; high-sided vehicles are increasingly at risk of accidents from floods and gale force winds. Such disruptions have the effect of reducing customer demand and purchasing power (Dudek and Wiener 1996, Romm 1999), as products and services become less available due to erratic supply. These disruptions also restrict the ability of the business to grow, as the sales revenues will be insufficient to generate profit for investment purposes. Climate change therefore poses a risk to businesses, and the onus is on re-evaluating corporate social responsibility in a bid to gain efficiencies, and to reduce the businesses contribution to the climate change problem. Climate change is commonly associated with industrial factories churning out smoke from cooling towers, however, non-industrial organisations contribute to climate change through their carbon and greenhouse emissions generated by their operations and product/service lifecycle (Grubb 1989, Cantwell 1995, ICTSD 2005). Whilst this represents an element of change and uncertainty, climate change-focused corporate actions can have benefits for the organisation in the way of new products and new markets (Mendelsohn 2000, Richards 2001, Lawrence 2002, Jochem and Madlener 2003). Climate change strategies are also perceived as risky due to the large scale, renewable energy investments that are associated with reducing the carbon footprint (McCarthy et al 2001, Egenhofer et al 2004). For instance, if fossil fuels ran out, Shell, BP and other large fuel providers would have to invest large amounts in alternatives, which BP has started doing with its Autogas even though it is not widely availabl e. The transport industry also contributes to climate change and global warming through vehicle emissions and businesses in this sector are beginning to take notice, and accepting responsibility for the part they play. For instance, in September 2006, Sir Richard Branson, founder of the Virgin Group donated three billion dollars over ten years from his organisation to fund the development of low carbon energy sources such as wind turbines, cleaner aviation fuel and ethanol (BSR 2006). This demonstrates the levels of commitment expected from businesses, and Virgin have acknowledged their role especially as they run train services and flights that contribute to global warming. Corporate social responsibility in United States is now recognised as the fifth largest venture capital investment category after biotechnology, software, medical and telecommunications (CSM 2001, Raynard and Forstater 2002). The market for clean technology is set to expand and is already worth an estimated $40 billion (Raynard and Forstater 2002). This is not surprising considering that the United States is responsible for a significant proportion of global emissions. This is also representative of the increasing market and customer awareness of their environment, and businesses in this region are already capitalising on this. This also demonstrates that businesses are adopting strategies that are action and adaptation oriented to focus on the energy efficiency aspects and renewable energy sourcing (Burton 1996, Adger 2003, Hertin et al 2003, Berkhout et al

Benefits of Value Chain Analysis

Benefits of Value Chain Analysis Introduction In this assignment Im going to show that an organisation can add value with its success and how the concept of a Value Chain can be used to assess where organisations add value and develop future strategy. According to Wright (2004), Value Chain is a traditional manner of departmentalising stages of the business process. The value chain highlights the importance of the operational manager being involved in all aspects of the process, from suppliers right trough the customer. With the value chain approach functional boundaries are ignored and in many organisations its now accepted that the operations manager has to control the whole process from buying in goods and services to the final stage of satisfying the customer. Marketing, accounting, human resources are not showing up in the value chain, but the operational manager has to be interesting and to be involved in these internal functions of the organisation as well. (Wright and Race 2004) Information technology is changing the way companies operates. According to Porter (1985), cost leadership and product differentiation can be pursued simultaneously only under rare conditions. If organisations are to achieve competitive advantage by delivering value to customers, managers need to understand which activities the undertake are especially important in creating that value and which are not (Johnson et all 2008) . The value chain concept is important to understand this describing the categories of activities within and around an organisation, which together create a product or service. The concept was developed by Michael Porter with his book competitive advantage 1985 where the idea of value chain is based on the processe view of organisations, the idea of seeing a manufacturing or service organisation as system, made up of subsystems each with inputs, transformation process and outputs which involve the acquisition and consumption of resources (money, equipment, labour, land, buildings, management and administration). The primary value chain activities are: Logistics/ Inbound:the distribution of manufacturing after the raw materials are received and warehoused. Operations: the transformation process of inputs into services and finish products. Logistics/ Outbound: The warehousing and distribution of the finished goods. Marketing and sales: Placing the product on the market generating sales reaching the right people interested to buy it Service: The tool used to offer the product on the market and the service offered after the product is sold (customer service) This Primary Activities are supported by: The infrastructure of the firm: organisational structure, control system, company culture etc. Human resource management: employee recruiting, hiring, training, development and compensation. Technology development: technologies to support the value chain activity Procurement: purchasing input such as materials, supplies, and equipments. (http://www.netmba.com/strategy/value-chain/) The firms margin or profit then depends on its effectiveness in performing these activities efficiently, so that the amount that the customer is willing to pay for the products exceeds the cost of the activities in the value chain. It is in these activities that a firm has the opportunity to generate superior value. A competitive advantage may be achieved by reconfiguring the value chain to provide lower cost or better differentiation. (http://www.netmba.com/strategy/value-chain/) External efficiency is measured by customer satisfaction and by market share. To achieve customer satisfaction the company requires, and is depends on, the timely received goods and its services to specification by external suppliers. Is very important to have a good communication, and teamwork between suppliers at one end, and the customer at the other end of the value chain. (Wright and Race 2004) Cost advantage and Value Chain A firm maybe create a cost advantage either by reducing the cost of individual value chain activities, or by reconfiguring the value chain. Once the value chain is defined, a cost analysis can be performed by assessing the costs of the value chain activities. The cost obtained from the accounting report may need to be modified in order to allocate them properly to the value creating activity. Porter identified 10 cost drivers realting to the value chain activities: Economies of scale Learning Capacity utilisation Linkages among activities Interrelationships among business units Degree of vertical integration Timing of market entry Firms policy of cost or differentiation Geographic location Institutional factors (regulation, union activity, taxes etc.) A firm develops a cost advantage by controlling these drivers better than do the competition. A cost advantage also can be pursued by reconfiguring the value chain. Reconfiguration means structural changes such a new production process, new distribution channels, or a different sales approach. For example FedEx structurally redefined express freight service by acquiring its own planes and implementing a hub and spoke system. (http://www.netmba.com/strategy/value-chain/) Differentiation and Value Chain A differentiation advantage can arise from any part of the value chain. For example procurements of inputs that are unique and widely available for competitors can create differentiation, as can distributor channels that offers high service levels. A differentiation advantage may be achieved by changing individual value chan activities to increase uniqueness in the final product, or by reconfiguring the value chain. Porter identified several drivers of uniqueness: Policies and decision Linkages among activities Timing Location Interrelationships Learning Integration Scale (eg better service as a result of large scale) Institutional factors Most of these also serve a cost drivers. There are several ways which a firm can reconfigure its value chain in order to create uniqueness. (http://www.netmba.com/strategy/value-chain/) Technologies and the Value Chain The changes in technologies can impact the competitive advantage changing and making possible new configuration of value chain. Many technologies are used in both primary value activities and support activities: Inbound Logistic Technologies Transportation Material handling Material storage Communication Testing Information systems Operations Technologies Process Materials Machine tools Material handling Packaging Maintenance Testing Building design operation Information systems Outbound Logistics Technologies Transportation Material handling Packaging Communications Information systems Service Technologies Testing Communications Information systems In order to compare value chain activities and how can be added value to a company, I chosen few international hotel chain: Hilton Worldwide Is the leading global hospitality company, spanning the lodging sector from luxurious full-service hotels and resorts to extended-stay suites and mid-priced hotels. For over 90 years Hilton has been offering business and leisure travellers the finest in accommodations, service, amenities and value. Company dedicated for the tradition of providing exceptional guest experience across its global brands distributed over a total of more than 3400 hotels in 79 countries. The company manages the world-class guest reward program called Hilton HonoursÂÂ ®, innovative technologies to enhance the guest experience. http://www.hiltonworldwide.com/aboutus/index.htm Marriott international Marriotts brands are leading in customer satisfaction and owner and franchisee preferences. Exceptional amenities. Attentive guest guest care. In-depth local knowledge set industy standards around the world. Marriott International has become the worlds leading lodging company, not only through its deiverse portfolio of global brands, but also by training and engaging the best employees (300.000) to delivery the best service. http://www.marriottdevelopment.com/ As we can see, two very big hospitality company operating worldwide are constantly trying to add value. In the service industry and especially in the hotel industry, the value is added and created from the people inputs of time, knowledge, equipments and systems to serve the hotel guests and customers. Customers in these companies can be also employees from the same organisation. The more value is created, the more people will be ready to pay the price for the service or product and the more they will keep on buying from the same company. Value chain analysis To understand and find out where we can create value we need to use a Value Chain Analysis. The first step for the analysis is the Activity Analysis: Where all the activities to serve the customer and to deliver the service are analysed. In this step of activities analysis we are going to collect as much information as we can from all the people involved within the organisation such us guest, employees, suppliers, business partners, travel agents and tour operators. This stage will also involve the way to recruit people with the right skills that will deliver the best service. How to keep the team motivated and informed about the performance. In the case of these featured company the KPI system (Key Performance Indicator) has been introduced to control the standard of performance that will help to get feedback from the guest to enhance the guest engagement. To conduct the Value Chain Analysis are needed up to three years of annual repors to understand and analyse how the costing of the activities are changing and whether they are in unison with the competitive strategi of the firm. To gain knowledge about the core competence of the company, we can have a look at the company and competitor websites and SWOT analysis of both companies can be done to understand the key strengths and weaknesses of the company and how different are the firms from the direct competitor. (http://www.coursework4you.co.uk/essays-and-dissertations/value-chain-analysis.php) Value analysis After few activities are identified we list the Value Factors which is the kind of service that the customer value in the way the activity is conducted. If we analyse a telephone order, the customer will value a quick answer to his/her call, a good an polite manner, efficient taking of order details with fast and knowledgeable answering of questions and a quick resolution to any problems that arise during the order. Delivering a professional service, the customer will like the correct solution based on the good options and up to date alternatives. This analysis will give us what needs to be done or changed to provide a great value for each Value factor. Evaluate changes and Plan for Action With the Value Analysis, we will generate so many ideas for increasing the value that we are going to deliver to customers Value Chain in the Hotel Industry The primary activities in the Hotel industry: Starting from the Inbound Logistics where we have all the contracts with supplier that are delivering the food and beverage, providing laundry service and other services; Back of the house storage and distribution within the hotels departments and inventory control and stock requisitions. The Operations are represented from all the procedures and processes that, with the support from all the advanced equipments and tools, will produce goods and service to offer on the market. Outbound Logistics in the hotel can be the way the services and final products are offered and distributed to the different outlets and different guests. Marketing and Sales: all the activities that are trying to get customers and people interested in the hotel for rooms, conferences, restaurants but also the promotion of the hotel with advertise and pricing considering the competitors Service in the hotel industry is crucial for its succes. The quality of service is created with a certain number of employees in proportion with the hotel capability and with the respective training. A good service will enhance the products value and will be crucial for the guest that will have to chose in which of the many hotels to stay. An example can be made between the company Hilton and Marriott where both can offer the same guest room, the same equipment in the room, same facilities with different price; probably the price for Hilton is more competitive but the service offered will be not at the same level as a Marriott hotel. The same room at the Marriott hotel with a nice presentation of the hotel services from the reception staff will probably an added value and the travellers will be more likely to go back where a better service is offered if the price is not much higher (value for money). Support activities in the Hotel industry The Procurement in the hotel can be the facilities offered to guest, the building, and the equipment that will support all the operations to make easy and smoothly the service. Technology Development is very important within the hospitality as it is a modern industry in constantly growth where new technologies are needed to save time and work smarter. The Propriety Management System is the most important to take into consideration which is the software to manage all the operations and share all the information with all the hotel departments in real time. The innovation and the technology are developing the hotel industry. The Firm Infrastructure is represented from the management team with the long term planning, the quality management , public affairs, finance and accounting. A good example for these two organisations can be the reservation system. If we got feedback from the customers not happy with the website for the difficulties to make the reservations or we know that both the company are occurring the same problem, therefore we know that if we want to add value for one of the company, we are going to find the solution to make easier the reservation system for the guests. Porter, M. E. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, 1985, New York: Free Press Wright N. Race P. The Management of service Operations, second edition 2004, Thomson Johnson G. et all Exploring corporate strategy, eight edition, 2008, FT Prentice Hall Porter, M. E. The competitive advantage of nations,1990, New York: Free Press. http://www.netmba.com/strategy/value-chain/ http://www.marriottdevelopment.com/ http://www.hiltonworldwide.com/aboutus/index.htm http://www.coursework4you.co.uk/essays-and-dissertations/value-chain-analysis.php The Value Chain and its components: The value chain is a systematic approach to examining the development of competitive advantage. It was created by M. E. Porter is his book, Competitive Advantage(1980). The chain consist of a series of activities that create and build value. The organisation is split into primary activities and support activities. Primary Activities: Here goods are received from a companys suppliers. Stored until they are needed on the production/ assembly line. These goods are moved around the organisation. Operations: This is where goods are manufactured or assembled. Individual operations could include room service in a hotel, packing of books/videos/games by an online retailer, or the final tune for a new cars engine. Outbound Logistic: The goods are now finished, and they need to be sent along the supply chain to wholesalers, retailers or the final customer.

Rabies: a breif overview :: essays research papers

Rabies is a preventable viral disease of mammals most often transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal. The vast majority of rabies cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) each year occur in wild animals like raccoons, skunks, bats, and foxes. Domestic animals account for less than 10% of the reported rabies cases, with cats, cattle, and dogs most often reported rabid. Rabies virus infects the central nervous system, causing encephalopathy and ultimately death. Early symptoms of rabies in humans are nonspecific, consisting of fever, headache, and general malaise. As the disease progresses, neurological symptoms appear and may include insomnia, anxiety, confusion, slight or partial paralysis, excitation, hallucinations, agitation, hypersalivation, difficulty swallowing, and hydrophobia (fear of water). Death usually occurs within days of the onset of symptoms.s Over the last 100 years, rabies in the United States has changed dramatically. More than 90% of all animal cases reported annually to CDC now occur in wildlife;    before 1960 the majority were in domestic animals. The principal rabies hosts today are wild carnivores and bats.. The number of rabies-related human deaths in the United States has declined from more than 100 annually at the turn of the century to one or two per year in the1990's.   Modern day prophylaxis has proven nearly 100% successful.    In the United States, human fatalities associated with rabies occur in people who fail to seek medical assistance, usually because they were unaware of their exposure. Although human rabies deaths are rare, the estimated public health costs associated with disease detection, prevention, and control have risen, exceeding $300 million annually. These costs include the vaccination of companion animals, animal control programs, maintenance of rabies laboratories, and medical costs, such as those incurred for rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). Accurate estimates of these expenditures are not available. Although the number of PEPs given in the United States each year is unknown, it is estimated to be about 40,000. When rabies becomes epizootic or enzootic in a region, the number of PEPs in that area increases. Although the cost varies, a course of rabies immune globulin and five doses of vaccine given over a 4-week period typically exceeds $1,000. The cost per human life saved from rabies ranges from approximately $10,000 to $100 million, depending on the nature of the exposure and the probability of rabies in a region. Customarily, the level of international resources committed to the control of an infectious disease is a response to the associated human morbidity and mortality.

Critically examine the different sources of finance available to businesses

MANAGING FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND DECISIONS TERMPAPER1 Executive Summary The information which was used to explicate the theoretical model was put together utilizing both primary and secondary information. Information was gathered from the cyberspace ; the literatures and transferred prior cognition that was garnered from an in-class treatment as a beginning of informations. The confer withing company enables companies to come in new market, addition grosss and better operational public presentations, analyzes the current concern operation and determines ways that the company can run smoother. Powell’s finance service which is the private company is a taking maker that provides concerns with fiscal aid and has been in being since May 2003. The finance section of a concern is one the most of import sections in the concern as it is in this country where all the money is managed. The fiscal resources in a concern are what will travel the concern from one phase to another.The fiscal facet of a occupation is really of import as no programs of the organi sation can be carried out without the fiscal section being called for. The finish of any finance map is to accomplish three benefits: concern support service, lower costs and effectual command of the surrounding† . ( Griffin, n.d. ) . Making determinations in a concern semen with tactical thought. As these determinations can either do or interrupt the company. â€Å"Decision devising is an indispensable leading accomplishment If you can larn how do timely, well- debated determinations, so you can take your squad to well-deserved success† . ( Mind Tools, n.d. ) . Other organisations describe determination devising as the cognitive procedure ensuing in the choice of a belief or a class of action among several alternate possibilities. So this merely goes to demo the relevancy of good determination devising because what every determination doing procedure produces a concluding pick that may non motivate action. So with the fiscal direction and the determination doing a company can seek to travel from strength to strength. Rationale The intent of this research is to demo the importance of the different beginnings of finance available to concerns. Finance is a really of import factor of any concern ; finance is needed in every concern in order to better. There are many beginnings through which a company can have its finance in order to increase its capital. Background Private Spouses Powell’s fiscal service is a taking maker that provides concerns with fiscal aid and has been in being since May 2003, this concern has grown to be one among the taking fiscal companies in Jamaica with both internal every bit good as external stakeholders. It is located in the centre of Half Way Tree and looking frontward to the international market. One of its stakeholders is a Willis Consultant Company who helps in helping the policy ‘s company’s public presentation, possible and assesses its communicating, cognition, information, interaction and needs as this is a major failing of the company. This fiscal company is responsible for the direction of the organisation ‘s hard currency flow and guaranting at that place plenty financess available to run into the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours payments, this country besides encompasses recognition and collects policies for the company’s clients, to guarantee the organisation is paid on clip and i s a payment policy for the company’s provider. As a Small Business Enterprise it is hard to vie with our rivals so we had to engage a Business Consulting Firm to make solutions to our jobs, acquire the merchandise on the market and to hike the sale of it so it can be recognized worldwide. VISION STATEMENT Powel’s fiscal service is the Prime Minister centre that offers quality services to its clients. . MISION STATEMENT Powel’s Financial with the accent on good client service and good trained employees Powel’s Financial will efficaciously put to death responsibilities WILLIS CONSULTING COMPANY The Willis adviser company is owned and o3perated by Ghenya Johnson and was established in the twelvemonth May 1985. Our good trained employees include: Secretary, Accountants, Selling Directors, Human Resource Managers, Managers, General Managers, Chief Executive Officers ( CEO ) , and the Consultants. We are located in three locations Mandeville, Santa Cruz and our caput office in Kingston. This confer withing house provides professional advice for a fee. This steadfast employs professionalism with the specialised expertness to assist authoritiess and organisations across all industries and concern maps create value for their clients and stakeholders in all countries and phases of concern, we specialize largely in helping clients with pull offing information, communicating, cognition, information, interaction and needs ; it lends valuable expertness and provides advice and counsel in many ways. This company enables companies to come in new market, addition grosss and better operational public presentations, analyzes the current concern operation and determines ways that the company can run smoother. Our aim apart from doing a net income is to go on developing our clients concern in footings of communicating cognition and seting together information, making solutions to assorted bugs in the concern biosphere, our figure one end is to help our clients in any manner possible given them the competitory border that is needed to win in their assorted endeavor’s. We here at Willis Consulting Company takes great pride in the advice we give as we are cognizant of how unforgiving this concern can be. For 28 old ages, our company has weathered the storm under the brilliant leading of Ghenya Johnson therefore doing our name as one of the best consulting company in the part. We look frontward to working with each other and every one of you in recognizing your dreams and going the best that you can perchance be, here at Willis Consulting Company we pride ourselves on functioning the local and international community. Our piece of land record for the assorted old ages speaks for itself, we have helped falling cooperation acquire back on path. We will be looking frontward to working with you and we extend our deepest thanks for taking Willis consults as the thrust forcing to help you in this venture. VISION STATEMENT This company enables companies to come in new market, addition grosss and better operational public presentations, analyzes the current concern operation and determines ways that the company can run smoother. MissionStatement Our figure one end is to help our clients in any manner possible given them the competitory border that is needed to win in their assorted enterprises AimTo place the beginnings of finance available to concernTo understand the deductions of finance as a resource within a concern.To do fiscal determinations based on fiscal informationTo supply an assessment of the fiscal public presentation of a concern Methodology In seting together information on the research the research worker, acquired a wealth of cognition by qualitative and quantitative research methods which applied in this thesis in the class of informations analysis, Primary informations were collected through inquiries ( questionnaires ) asked two individuals in the concern field that the research worker is familiar with, these inquiries ( questionnaires ) were asked so researcher could hold a better apprehension. Questionnaires can besides be analyzed more scientifically and objectively than any other signifiers of research and can be conducted by a big figure of people in a short period of clip and in a comparatively cost effectual manner. Harmonizing to Leary ( 1995 ) , there are distinguishable advantages in utilizing a questionnaire vs. an interview methodological analysis: questionnaires are less expensive and easier to administrate than personal interviews ; they lend themselves to group disposal ; and, they allow confidentiality to be assured. Robson ( 1993 ) indicates that mailed studies are highly efficient at supplying information in a comparatively brief clip period at low cost to the research worker. The secondary informations which was used to explicate the theoretical model was gathered from the cyberspace ; the literatures and transferred prior cognition that was garnered from an in-class treatment as a beginning of informations aggregation. Analysis 1.1 Identify the beginnings of finance available to a concern Finance Finance is a outgrowth of economic sciences concerned with resource allotment every bit good as resource direction, achievement and investing. Finance trades with affairs related to money and the markets. SOURES OF FINANCE AVAILABLE TO BUSINESSHire Purchase- this is a sort of episode recognition, which is similar to renting the lone exclusion is that the possesstion of the good base on ballss to the hire purchase client to the concluding recognition episode, whereas a rental ne'er becomes a owner of.Renting – this is a method of obtaining the usage of assets of the concern without utilizingBank Lending-Government assistances-Retained Earnings- the sum of gaining retained within the concern has a directOrdinary/ Equity shares- this is interchanging a part of the ownership of the concern for a fiscal investing in the concern. The ownership interest, ensuing from an equity investing allows the investors to portion in the company’s net incomes.Analysis 1.2 ASSESS THE IMPLICATIONA OF THE DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FINANCE Beginnings of finance can either be long term or short term. Long term beginnings of finance can be paid back over many old ages while short term beginnings of finance must be paid back in one twelvemonth clip. Beginnings OF FINANCE THAT COVERS SHORT TERM:An overdraft facility- this is where Bankss allow houses to take more money that it has in its bank history.Trade credit- this is where providers deliver the goods now and are willing to wait for a period of clip before payment.Factoring- this is where houses sell their measures to a factor like Bankss, they pattern this in order to acquire money immediately alternatively of waiting 28 yearss to be paid the full sum..Beginnings OF FINANCE THAT COVERS LONG TERM:Owners who invest money in their concern for sole bargainers and spouse this can be their nest eggs. For companies, the support invested by stockholders is called portion capital.Loan from a bank or family/friends.Debentures- these are loans made to a family.Mortgage- this is a particular type of loan for purchasing belongings where monthly payments are made for the usage of equipment’s such as autos.Leased – these are equipment’s on rental and non owned by the h ouse, hired equipment’s are owned by the house after concluding payment.Grants- this can come from charities or the authorities to assist concerns acquire taken up, particularly in parts of high usage. Analysis 1.3 EVALUATE THE APPROPRIATE SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR BUSINESS PROJECTS Whether 1 is get downing a new concern or seeking to spread out on an bing one, taking the right beginning of finance for the state of affairs can be really ambitious, therefore there are many beginnings to take from and each beginning of finance has its ain advantages and disadvantages. Bank Loans- bank loans can be a existent good beginning as I may be able to guarantee the personal loan or line of acknowledgment ; these loans are available to finance the purchase of stock list and equipment every bit easy as to keep runing good as to obtain operating capital and financess for concern enlargement. These loans are clip honored and a really reliable method of financing a little patronage, finance houses with important collateral and a long class record, and the footings they offer are frequently really stiff. DisadvantageThese loans are difficult to predominate unless little concern receives a substantial path record or valuable collateral like existent land.Monetary value of bank loans- involvement rates for little concern loans from my boxes can be really high and the sum of bank support for which the concern qualifies is frequently non sufficient to wholly carry through the demand.AdvantageBanks will merely loan money to a commercial endeavor based on the value of the occupation and its perceiving abilities to function the loan by doing payments on clip or in full.Banks do non take ownership in your concern or acquire involved in any facets of running the concern to which it grants loan.Recommendation Finance is required to advance or make occupations, addition assets, green goods merchandises, run market studies every bit good as to promote.Establishment thought fundss on being antiphonal, efficient, and quantitative and risk averse. So the finance section is the bosom of the whole operation of a concern and that’s why this section is so of import and important. Finance is needed throughout the life of every company, it is needed to get down a concern and incline it up to profitableness, the type and sum of finance required for a concern depend on factors such as the type of concern, the sum of money that will be needed and the clip span in which it will be needed, the success of the house and the province of the economic system. The fiscal demands of a concern will change harmonizing to the type and size of the concern. In the early phase of any concern one is improbable to hold all the capital it needs to acquire started, and so will hold a list of thoughts and options for funding. Since bank loans are the most traditional manner of funding concerns it is the method that most concern proprietors use in order to finance their concern, hence it has advantages and disadvantages like any other beginnings of finance so one should carefully see if it is the best option for the type of concern before doing a concluding determination. There are two major beginnings of finance for any concern and these include the internal and external beginnings of finance. The proprietor of the concern is the 1 who chooses the best signifier of finance to be used by the concern, the concern can merely come on if the right beginning of finance is being used. There are three major types of support options that are available to little concerns and these are debt funding, equity funding and grants. Debt funding is the handiness of recognition or loans to little concerns that has a good recognition repute, nevertheless the cost of borrowing money is compared with the cost of equity funding for cost benefit analysis. Equity funding is the exchange of a part of the ownership of the concern of fiscal investings in the concern. Decision One of the primary ends of get downing up a concern is for doing money. Finance is the life blood of any concern, for every concern there is a great importance of finance. Finance is the most of import thing to run any concern as it helps it to turn, develop and spread out ; there are many beginnings of finance available to concerns. The categorization of beginnings of finance is dependent on assorted factors and these beginnings of finance can be classified as internal, external, debt, equity or short term and long term. . So the finance section is the bosom of the whole operation of a concern and that’s why this section is so of import and important. There are assorted countries that the finance section covers which play an every bit as good function as any other in the company. One of these is â€Å"Budgeting and Forecasting and this is the relation of your concern and the external community. Driven by net incomes and development estimations, stock monetary values rely on timely informations prediction to accomplish optimum cost and market capitalisation. Another country that the finance section covers is the payables and receivables, this where the all hard currency flow into and out of the concern are managed. Sellers and creditors need payment right and on clip to maintain things running smoothly† . ( Griffin, n.d. ) . In the business, it is best to stay liquid, possessing the right measure of difficult currency on manus and at all times must keep payment programs tat keep back every thing on path as this is best. Small concern net income from this cognition even though non publically sold. Possessing cognition of natu ral stuff demands, staff office and staffing demand and enlargement demands force enterprisers to thoughtfully look at their demands. With the fiscal section being the nucleus of the organisation it needs to be managed decently so as to harvest better consequences. REFRENCESDana Griffin, n.d.The Role of Finance in a Business. [ ONLINE ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //smallbusiness.chron.com/role-finance-business-290.html. [ Accessed 21 January 15 ]MindTools, n.d.Decision Making Techniques. [ ONLINE ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mindtools.com/pages/main/newMN_TED.htm. [ Accessed 21 January 15 ]

race relations in america essays

race relations in america essays Somewhere in time America has seemed to have lost the ultimate goal of equal rights, and truly equal rights. In the early sixties great men took the stage in order to start paving the way to equality in America. Now in the twenty- first century people all over this country has forgotten what equal rights actually means. Equal rights is supposed to ensure equality for all people. Somewhere along the line we surpassed equal rights and have now begun to oppress whites. Through government programs such as affirmative action, race classification and his whole politically correctness idea, America has tipped the scales of oppression towards the whites of America. In 1973 a thirty-three year-old Caucasian male named Allan Bakke applied to and was denied admission to the University of California Medical School at Davis. In 1974 he filed another application and was once again rejected, even though his test scores were considerably higher than various minorities that were admitted under a special program. This special program specified that 16 out of 100 possible spaces for the students in the medical program were set aside solely for minorities, while the other 84 slots were for anyone who qualified, including minorities. What happened to Bakke is known as reverse discrimination. Bakke felt his rejections to be violations of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment, so he took the University of California Regents to the Superior Court of California. It was ruled that "the admissions program violated his rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The arguments for and against the special admissions program are complicated. The arguments for special admissions and affirmative action are described by Dr Howard Stelcher former sociology professor at Harvard: Because of past injustices, compensation should be granted to minorities, and one possible form is as affirmative action, ...

Thomas Becket Paper

Thomas Becket Paper Thomas Becket Paper Thomas Becket’s murder was extremely influential to modern Britain, as we know it today. Becket’s murder had effects on both Canterbury as well as England as a whole. Thomas Becket was born in 1118 in a rather wealthy family, his father now an English merchant, had previous been sheriff in London. He was highly educated due to his family’s monetary status even going to study law in Paris before joining the house of Theobald the archbishop of Canterbury at that time. In 1154, Becket became close friends with the king Henry II who then appointed him as chancellor. In 1161, following Theobald’s death, Henry II saw an opportunity to extend his power in England. While acting as chancellor Becket had always acted upon Henry II’s will, Henry expected this would continue if he appointed Becket to Archbishop of Canterbury, the highest position in the church beneath the pope himself. While Theobald had always taken the view that the Church and the Crown should co-operate, Henry did not agree with this practice. Henry petitioned the pope who agreed, so Becket was ordained as a Bishop and then made Archbishop of Canterbury. Henry II would not be happy for long though, while Becket had always conceded as a pawn in the past as chancellor he took his new position in the church extremely seriously, even rejecting the luxuries and wealth that came with the position and passing them on to others. In 1163, the church court acquitted Canon whom had been accused of the murder of a knight. The public cried out for justice and the Canon was then brought to the royal court. Becket protested this because the Canon had already been tried and this undermined the Church’s authority. Henry proposed that clergy convicted of serious crimes in the church court should be â€Å"deprived the protection of the church† and sent to the royal court for punishment, although once again this undermined the entire idea of clerical immunity. Henry II then proposed the Constitutions of Clarendon, a list of 16 clauses that defined the relationship between the royal court and the church court. The bishops refused to sign be fore Becket agreed to sign only to then fast himself and publicly repent his oath, infuriating Henry II. Fearing for his life, Becket fled to France for the next six years until his return in 1170. Becket once again infuriated Henry II by excommunicating the Archbishop of York, which led Henry II to scream, â€Å"Will no one rid me of this troublesome priest?† Four knights traveled to Canterbury in an attempt to force Becket to return with them to face Henry II, although he refused. The following morning they attempted to drag him out of Canterbury Cathedral during mass at which he received a blow to the head before they finally murdered him with their swords. Becket’s death paved the way for reconciliation between the King and the Church. In

Honoring Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Honoring Nursing - Assignment Example   Furthermore, they have to work on weekends, nights, holidays, giving them very little time to bring up their children or relate to their families. Dealing with sick people who are sometimes very violent together with the lonely environment has made nursing profession very persevering. This has called for the need to honoring nurses, since they are very kind and caring, and do their work with passion despite the dangers that they are exposed to. Interview The elements of therapeutic communication that I utilized are being realistic in my relationship with the interviewee. That is, avoiding judging or making assumptions about her behavior and that of the patients who were around, by allowing their personal identity. The other element was being emotionally mature in postponing satisfaction of my own personal needs in deference to those of the interviewee, by finding other sources to meet my needs, other than therapeutic relationships. The adaptations that were made to the communicat ion style to accommodate sensory deficits with the interviewee were speaking very closely to the nurse to ensure that she gets everything. Additionally, communication had to be in low tone to avoid disturbing the patients who need to rest. Since the nurse was on duty, I had to follow her to various work stations to avoid shouting as well as ensuring that he hears and answers each of my questions well. To establish the foundation for helping the relationship in which the interviewee feels comfortable in sharing, I first greeted the nurse, introduced myself, my names, name of my learning institution and my aim of interviewing her. I also asked her if she could mind helping interview her. All along, I had to look and be very friendly to her to create a friendly environment that could help in cooperation. The technique used to elicit professionalism was first to inform the nurse that the information she was going to give would be confidentially treated and therefore, it could not have a ny negative effects on his profession and career. To effectively start the interview, I started telling her about my experience, ambitions, and what I think about nursing as a nursing student. After this, she was eager to tell me the truth on areas of my deficits and where I had excessive hopes as a nursing student. This created a very conducive environment for me dig further into everything that I wanted to know. She became very eager to make everything very clear to me, so that I could know the reality in order to be well prepared (mentally, physically and psychologically) when my time comes. Entering into professional-student discussion with a current nurse in the interview role can be an intimidating experience. Maintaining professionalism at all times made me keep focused during the interview. As a student nurse, I ensure professionalism at all times my first of all ensuring that I was dressed like a nurse, low heeled shoes, and nursing students’ uniform. During the inte rview, I ensured that I did not ask any question that could give information related to a particular patient or person.

Maritime piracy along the malacca straits in Southeast Asia Research Paper

Maritime piracy along the malacca straits in Southeast Asia - Research Paper Example Singapore th efeoe ecame a typeically diffent stllemntwioth both Euroeopand and Asian elemntsanndintersts, leading to develop,ntof the Irnum maradduing fgnag thth attcejd Englisgh shipps trading inthis region with a passon leadiong to heacy losses and marginally contgruibuted to declining trade in Singapore at this time ( Wong Lin Ken, 1960 82-83). Singapre as explained was creted as a redistruibutin center by western forces Mills (1966, 223) argue wtht Europen powers emp[loyed draconian approaches to reduce clocal comeotyoninteh area nd enjoy a complte monopoly destroyin the indegneous systems,w hich imprecverisehd he local sn and the merachants, who dweeloped sesdneof ravage and a sense f legitimiston attcks on ships along the strait.t he Maly and ghe Illunun were biter rivals and piracy continued thpoighh atck of ships and was at its peak between 1826 and 1836 (Freeman, 180). There the fact th SIngapiore was a destin f o the west heithned pirate attcks on ships tow the countery an d had almost chocked the port sof Singapore (Freeman, 182). The 1849 bid to elimintate pircacy aliong the striat led by te British though asuslton theassialnts (Freeman, 183) 0was reamrble in crating divides between Sinaopre and the restof the region as a choise fo the westen forces (Mitchel 1976, 178). Piracy thrives ina area where it is culteurally acceptable and in ASoutegh east asia, it has been aemvbraced as as an acceptable way oflivfe eaimed at profvding support for poor local villages (Murphy, 17). This explinsw hry teerrosimis more rampant along Indonesian coast whre poverty is much higher (Young, 61) and is not considered as a global problem (). M,oroever, closelnessof the sttes has been a factrt to heighten sensitvuity ion stte soverignity, which has hampred efforts for cordiotna nd intergraton in coabatig the piracy meannce

The Effects of Baby Boomers Retiring Will Have on the Economy Research Paper

The Effects of Baby Boomers Retiring Will Have on the Economy - Research Paper Example At each stage, of its life cycle, the baby boom generation has changed the market for many products, altered the demand for public services, as well as the nature of the labor force. This paper delves into the effects the baby boomers’ retiring will have on the economy of the United States over the next 20 years. Introduction In the world’s history, baby boomers (who represent 28% of all the United States’ adult population) have been one of the most productive generations. This generation took advantage of subsidized scholarships and school loans from the government, which enabled them to get proper education, which in turn helped them to secure high paying jobs in all sectors of the US economy with tremendous added gains from globalization and newer technologies (Talbott, 2010). Social scientists, analysts, and policymakers have developed a great interest regarding the effects of the retirement of baby boomers on the economy of the US and the nation at large. Th e year 2005 marked the commencement of the exodus of baby boomers from the labor force. Since then, every seven seconds, a baby boomer attains the retirement age of sixty years, and this process will continue for the next twenty years. These retirements foreshadow a diminution of workplace knowledge as well as knowledge-based experience at a time when such experience and knowledge are more and more vital to the economy of the US as well as to the organizations that comprise it (Beazley, Boenich, and Harden, 2002). Estimates by the Employment Policy Foundation indicate that with baby boomers reaching the age of retirement, by the year 2012, businesses will experience a severe shortage of six million employees, and this number will increase to thirty-five million employees by the year 2030. Slower workforce growth implies that there will be slower rate of growth of the economy, and consequently, the living standards of everybody in the nation will be lower. Essentially, the baby boom generation’s retirement threatens to limit the potential of the economy of the United States, reducing the speed limit on how fast it can grow. Economists projects a considerable decline in the growth of the US economy to 2.2% by the year 2015, compared with a typical growth of about 3.2% during the last forty years (The special committee on aging, 2007). According to Gordon (2005), over the next next twenty years, a great number of baby boomers, roughly seventy million baby boomers, some highly skilled, will start leaving the job market of the United States of America gradually, with only forty million employees coming in. Following this retirement, skill shortages throughout the whole economy will get to critical levels. Woodruff (2011) points out that reports from the Pew Research Center indicate that for the next twenty years, over ten thousand baby boomers will be retiring daily. This retirement will have a remarkable effect on everybody and on all measures of the United States’ economic output (Talbott, 2010). For instance, it will lead to a slowdown of about 0.5% in the growth rate of in the workforce every year from its average 1.6% per annum since 1950-2007. The decline in the growth of the workforce in the United States is an indication that the nation’s labor supply may be inadequate to sustain the standards of living (Jarvik, 1980). The special committee on aging (2007) reports the fact that the aging and retirement of baby boomers will have potential impacts on the economy of th

British Wildlife Essay Example for Free

British Wildlife Essay Outline of species along with related anatomy, handling considerations and rehabilitation, release requirements Skeletal system Although the deer’s skeletal system is very similar to a dog or cat’s in terms of its basic structure, although there are some adaptations that they require in order to survive the wild. Deer have long necks which enable them to crane it so they can feed off low lying grass and other vegetation. Stefoff, R. (2007) Deer are prey animals and so they require adaptations that enable them to run fast and this is why they are ‘ugulates’, (hoofed mammals). Ungulates walk on their ‘ungulis’ which is a tough outer plate of a hoof or toenail. When ungulates walk, their feet or digits do not come into contact with the ground but their hooves. Stefoff, R. (2007). This clever evolutionary asset is essential for speed. This is down to the biomechanics of how bodies move- the smaller the area that touches the ground with each stride, the greater the stride is which results in faster movement. Stefoff, R. (2007) Hooves are an extremely strong version of human fingernails strong enough not to break when under immense pressure i.e. when the deer is running. Stefoff, R. (2007).The strength of the hooves comes from the keratin which exists in thick sheets and keratin fibres which run in all directions Stefoff, R. (2007) Deer have a total of four toes on each foot. The middle two toes touch the ground and the outer two are elevated at the back, just above the hoof and are called dewclaws Stefoff, R. (2007). Metapodials in deer are elongated and form the lower part of the deer’s legs. In a deer, the femur and the humerus are short and thick in order to be able to anchor the large mass of muscle needed to propel them forward when running at high speed. Stefoff, R. (2007) Scent glands Seven glands are located on the body of a deer, scattered from head to toe to assist with communication amongst the herd and is how deer differentiate between one another (interspecies communication) Nickens, E. (2009). Deer scent is made up of scent glands and their urine. Stefoff, R. (2007) Deer use a technique called ‘flehmen’; this is the act of curling back their upper lip and sucking in air. This is used to detect scents from other deer. Stefoff, R. (2007) Antler growth Antler growth is an interesting area of study which provokes questioning as to why antler growth is delayed until the start of puberty and secondly, mammalian organ regeneration. Antler growth only occurs in male deer and is delayed until the start of puberty at 5 – 7 months old. No other mammal can regenerate an organ. The antlers of a 200-kg adult red deer may weigh as much 30 kg but take only 3 months to grow. Antlers are formed from pedicles; permanent bony horns on the frontal bone of the skull. Periosteal cells (Antlerogenic Periosteum) are collected in the distal parts of the cristae externae of the frontal bones. These are activated by rising androgen levels in the blood. Testosterone binds to specific sites on the AP which leads to trabecular bone being formed beneath the periosteum and a pedicle develops. There are four ossification stages in the formation of antlers in deer starting with ‘Intramembranous ossification’; this is the proliferation of antlerogenic cells and differentiation into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts form trabecular in the cellular periosteum. This then leads to ‘transitional ossification’, this initiates when pedicle reaches 5-10mm in height. Osseocartilaginous tissue is formed by the antlerogenic cells at the apical surface, which have undergone a change in differentiation pathway to form chondrocytes. The third stage is ‘pedicle endochondral ossification’ when chrondrogenesis takes place in the pedicle alone. The final ossification stage is ‘antler endochondral ossification’- antlerogenic cells maintain their chrondrogenic differentiation pathway until the very first antler has fully formed. Shiny velvet skin covering the distal end of the pedicle coincidences with antler formation. Un-branched antlers described as ‘spikers’ elongate as a result of an endochondral process in the distal tip. (Deer antlers: a zoological curiosity or the key to understanding organ regeneration in mammals?) The first antler continues growing until the autumn rutting season where testosterone levels are increased once again. Cessation in longitudinal growth causes this endocrine change. Antler bone becomes fully mineralized and the overlying velvet sheds to reveal bare bone. A single unbranched antler is left attached to the pedicle until it is cast the following spring Deer antlers: a zoological curiosity or the key to understanding organ regeneration in mammals? Handling considerations The safest method of restraining/handling deer is to try to pull head to its flank, cover their head, hold the leg at the front and push the deer down onto the ground. This technique requires mastering so a well-trained person should only be allowed to do this. Deer bones are fragile so need to be cautious. Release requirements When it comes to releasing deer, a few things need to be kept in mind when choosing a location to release them. Deer need as much woodland cover as possible, especially with a male deer as they are very much territorial creatures. It is preferred to release a deer exactly where it was found. If this is not possible i.e. the deer was found in the middle of a road then it must be released no more than 1km from where it was found. Veterinary diagnosis and treatment Outline of condition, clinical signs and recommended treatment Roundworm is a condition commonly seen in deer. These are internal parasites that are found in the intestines and soak up nutrients from the animal’s diet which results in the sufferer becoming malnourished and weak because they are not getting the nutrients they require. The clinical signs of a deer with worms are very hard to detect because they are prey animals and must not show signs of weakness otherwise it would make them a target for predators. Often they won’t show any signs until they are close to death. Should they show signs they would be lethargic, losing weight, scowering (lowering their head) and producing fluid faecal matter. Deer get stressed very easily and it would be unethical to try and capture them for treatment as it would be putting the person capturing the deer at risk as well as the deer as their skeletal systems are very fragile and is liable to shatter. Deer antlers are extremely dangerous because they are strong as well as being full of bacteria; deer use their antlers to fight and they also urinate on their antlers so it could infect a human quite severely. Treatment To treat worms in deer, Ivermectin â€Å"spot on† is used and is placed on the back of the deer’s neck. It is applied at 2 week intervals and, once cleared it can then be applied monthly to prevent it recurring. Nursing requirements What are the nursing needs of this patient and condition etc Deer, ideally should be nursed in a barn or large enclosure and not kept in a veterinary practice. This is purely because they are dangerous animals and are likely to lash out or charge at humans when they feel provoked. Isolating the deer is ideal to prevent the worms passing onto other animals nearby and to avoid having to treat the others. Deer should not be isolated for too long as they can get stressed and this would not be an ethical thing to do. Discussion of legal and ethical considerations What legislation and ethical considerations are relevant Wildlife and countryside act 1981 Wildlife and natural environment (Scotland) Act 2011 References http://www.nyantler-outdoors.com/deer-anatomy.html

Advocacy in Social Work

Advocacy in Social Work Advocacy, Rights and Partnership This reflective report contains my experience and understanding of advocacy and explains the types of advocacy and its methods and models, I will explain the theories and relate it to my practice and finally discuss the strengths and weakness of my area of practice and discuss the conflicts of interest implication up on the service user. DEFINITION OF ADVOCACY Advocacy is defined as a key concept in social work practice. It is defined as exerting influence on behalf of organisations and groups within legal power and political structure. Advocacy involves either an individual or group, or their representatives, pressing their case with influential others, about situations which either affect them directly or, and more usually, try to prevent proposed changes, which will leave them worse off .(Pardeck, 1996). Gates (1994) cites four variations of advocacy: legal advocacy, the representation of the user in a formal context, for instance a health-review tribunal; self-advocacy, where the individual or a group of individuals speak up for themselves, a form of empowerment; collective or class advocacy, the large organisations who speak for the interests and rights of a category of people; and citizen advocacy, the representation of the users interests by a competent advocate (eg a Social worker). Advocacy is a concept embraced by social work and advocating for clients is vital for the social work profession. The primary goals of advocacy are achieving social justice and people empowerment. In achieving these goals, a proactive, responsive and participatory approach is necessary (Pardeck, 1996). My role as an advocate during my placement was to speak on behalf of my clients and to empower them to advocate on their own behalf, whenever their rights have been denied; for example in accessing state benefits or demanding repair work from local Housing departments. The advocacy role, from a social context, includes the redistribution of power and recourse to an individual or group, guarding their rights and preserving their values, conserving their best interests and overcoming the sense of powerlessness (Pardeck, 1996. pg 151). RESOURCES AVAILABLE WITHIN PLACEMENT My second year practice placement was with a charity organisation, in the London Borough of Newham called RAMP (Refugee And Migrant Project). RAMP is one of The Renewal Programme projects and is registered with the Home Office Office of Immigration Services Commission. RAMP works to enable refugees and migrants (including asylum seeker) to realise their potentials and facilitate their integration into society. The focus of the organisation is to provide advice and advocacy and support on welfare benefits, housing and education and NASS National Asylum Support Services. RELATING THEORY TO ADVOCACY When I began working with migrants, refugees or asylum seekers, I took a very holistic and Person Centred Approach that allowed me to work in partnership and give them the opportunity to go through their own problems and find their own solutions to them. Carl Rogers was the founder of Person-Centred therapy. As a psychologist in the 1950s and 60s he studied the process of counselling and came to the conclusion that a number of basic principles were required in order for there to be a positive relationship and outcome between the client and the therapist. These are also known as core conditions: . Unconditional positive regard that involves the therapist being non-judgmental and accepting the client and their experiences. . Congruence, which means that the therapist displays their true thoughts and feelings during the session. . Empathy, where the therapist shows understanding towards the clients experiences without oppressing them. When engaging with my clients, I demonstrated unconditional positive regard by not judging them as individuals or for the needs they had; I wanted to find out what it is that they wanted/needed. I was congruent in that I acknowledged the fact that I was a student and I was also learning myself, and therefore I may not be able to answer all questions immediately. Finally, I showed empathy by acknowledging similarities that I may have with them such as coming from a minority ethnic community. As well as the core conditions, I used the Exchange Model of communication to engage in my meetings with my clients. Smale and Tuson (1998) point out that the exchange model believes that the client has an equally valid perception of their problems and that they themselves can contribute to finding the solutions. This also facilitates partnership between the worker and the client. The exchange model was effective because English was the second language for all my clients therefore enabled me to ask them simple, open-ended questions that were free from professional jargon, compared to Procedural model that has pre-set questions to conform to the requirements of the agency. I used two main theories to look at situations during my practice placement: Systems theory and Muslows Hierarchy of Needs. Systems theory originates from Bertalanffys (1971) biological theory that all things are part of a system: sub-systems that make up super-systems (in Payne, 1997). The theory is also known as ecological perspective; family theory and networks theory depending on what context it is used. Systems theory allows you to look at the whole picture and not just one aspect of a particular case. The concept of circular causality is also significant in this theory and it suggests that: if something happens in one part, it affects the other. I therefore did not analyse clients situations in isolation, I looked at their surroundings and their systems to understand their situations better. Pincus and Minahan (1973) describe 3 systems in which people depend on (in Payne, 1997 p.141): Societal systems (housing, social security and schools) For some of my clients, their housing department was part of their societal systems that they may have been experiencing problems with. On top of this, some of their main informal systems their families may be missing from them (i.e. still in their own countries). This had a detrimental effect on their self-confidence and achievement as it left gaps in the systems that are supporting them. Maslows hierarchy of needs highlights that the family is a very important factor in meeting basic needs for example, security. By being estranged from their families, clients are already at a weak point and according to systems theory; this also affects their formal and societal systems. As a social worker, in order to promote and enable my clients and to empower them, it was important that I was able to maintain as many systems around them as possible. This was important for their confidence and future development. When carrying out my work with asylum seekers, refugees and migrants I was very much open and holistic in the way that I looked at the multiple forms of discrimination and oppression that this client group may face. For example I did not only focus on the obvious forms of oppression. Such as race, religion and gender, I also looked at underlying issues such as relationships with partners and domestic abuse. I ensured that I did not ignore the oppression and discrimination that they may face within their own communities. Other theories, models and methods which I used included Crisis Intervention, Task-Centred work, Loss Bereavement amongst others. I found that being able to study, understand and relate these to my practice guided me immensely in my practice. They provided me with the knowledgebase, which I could use to eclectically and effectively in order to work with the many different situations that I worked with. THE IMPORTANCE OF WORKING IN PARTNERSHIP WITH SU Adams (1998 p314) sees advocacy as a form of empowerment which, involves representing a persons interests in circumstances where they are not able to do so themselves. It strives to promote social inclusion by empowering marginalised people and therefore, has a direct relationship to anti-oppressive practice in social work. The ethical principles underlying advocacy reinforce working in partnership with users and carers, a key concept in social work practice and community care. Furthermore, the skills required for successful advocacy reflect core skills of social work practice (Bateman, 2000p17). Professionals get involved in peoples lives most of the times to help, but then oppress them by making decisions for them. Oppression is: Inhuman/degrading treatment of individuals/groups; hardship And injustice brought about by the dominance of one group over another; the negative and demeaning exercise of power. Oppression often involves disregarding the rights of an individual/ group and is thus the denial of citizenship (Thompson 1997 p31). In a situation where the Social worker made a decisions without consulting him, his needs and interests were not considered. As Adams (1998p301) affirms remedies to problems encountered lie primarily with experts and thus undermines self determination and authenticity. Most professionals take it upon themselves to make decisions for people as they assume that they cannot make choices for themselves, yet the Mental Capacity Act 2007 argues that almost all including the most severely disabled are capable of making choices and expressing their views and preferences. Therefore it is the Social workers role to challenge the abuse of power for suppression and for excluding people from decisions which affect them as stated by Stanford (accessed 5/01/2009) in the code of ethics. People requiring access to services should not feel that they are beggars, their welfare needs should be met as a right and dignity and respect should be maintained all the times. STRENGTHSÂ  AND WEAKNESSES OF ADVOCACY To assist service users, advocacy may be appropriate to protect the rights of the service user. An advocate will inform an individual of their options, and talk with other services on their behalf, if required to. The role of an advocate is to allow the service user to make their own self-determinations by ensuring they have all the relevant information, whilst at the same time not imposing their own views on the situation (Coulshed and Orme 1998). Difficulties with advocacy arise if the advocate tries to impose their own opinion on the service user, who may be vulnerable, and open to suggestion. The lack of statutory advocacy means that most services are provided by those who have already experienced similar situations, and who may have a biased view or are not trained to deal with difficult situations (Adams et.al. 2002) Anti oppressive practice (AOP): Looking at the structure of oppression developed by Thompson (1993) called the PCS model. I can illustrate how oppression is occurring, because this model is used to develop our understanding of discrimination and the oppression that arises from it. (Thompson,1998:12). It operates at three very separate levels, which are inter-related. These levels being personal, cultural and structural (the term PCS model). (Thompson,1998:12). Oppression itself is a powerful force. On a personal level it can lead to demoralisation and lack of self-esteem, while at a structural level it can lead to denial of rights. (Dalrymple and Burke,1995:57) This statement proves to be true because at the personal level, because the majority of the community that come to our organisation are feeling oppressed by themselves because of not being able to access facilities and not receiving the advice in maintaining their health, hygiene and environment. At the cultural level oppression is coming from other communities because they feel that they are superior to them, due to the fact that they are more familiar with the services and maybe able to speak English, therefore demoralising the community . At the structural level, institutions such as schools, hospitals, social security offices, advice centres the list is endless do not provide a facility whereby individuals from the community can access them, whereby denying them their rights. As an advocate it was my duty to challenge what the service users where feeling and going through, whereby I would empower them to access necessary services and direct them to attend relevant courses in order to tackle there problems and emotional feelings. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST WHICH MAY ARISE IN ADVOCACY The most common conflict of interest that I was faced with whilst advocating was the language barriers between service users and advocacy staff , In reflection throughout the advocacy I noticed the significant difference that language plays throughout society. It made me realise that not having the language skills can be very oppressive to a person and can leave them marginalized from the rest of society. Communication is a skill in itself and it is central to the role of social work (Thompson, 2000). Communication can come in many different forms; this can include verbal, non-verbal, listening and writing skills. Conclusion In conclusion to the finding throughout research and practice, it shows a huge importance in working in partnership with service users and other professional, good partnership helps social workers and other professional to delivery an effective service. Social workers are helping to promote change; even though they are working within statutory agencies their role can have a huge influence from advocacy.